参考文献

[1] Gramiak R,Shah PM,Kramer DH. Ultrasound Cardiography:Contrast Studies in Anatomy and Function. Radiology,1969,92(5):939-948

[2] Armstrong WF,Mueller TM,Kinney EL, et al. Assessment of myocardial perfusion abnormalities with contrastenhanced two-dimensional echocardiography. Circulation,1982,66(1):166-173

[3] Kaul S,Glasheen W,Ruddy TD, et al. The importance of defining left ventricular ‘area at risk’in-vivo during acute myocardial infarction:an experimental evaluation utilizing myocardial contrast 2D-echocardiography. Circulation,1987;75(6):1249-1260

[4] Feinstein SB,Ten Cate F,Zwehl W, et al. Two-dimensional contrast echocardiography. I:In vitro development and quantitative analysis of echo contrast agents. J Am Coll Cardiol,1984,3(1):14-20

[5] Keller MW,Segal SS,Kaul S, et al. The behavior of sonicated albumin microbubbles within the microcirculation:a basis for their use during myocardial contrast echocardiogrphy. Circ Res,1989,65(2):458-467

[6] Jayaweera AR,Edwards N,Glasheen WP, et al. In-vivo myocardial kinetics of airfilled albumin microbubbles during myocardial contrast echocardiography:comparison with radiolabeled red blood cells. Circ Res,1994,74(6):1157-1165

[7] Lindner JR,Skyba DM,Goodman NC, et al. Changes in myocardial blood volume with graded coronary stenosis:an experimental evaluation using myocardial contrast echocardiography. Am J Physiol,1997,272(1 Pt 2):H567-575

[8] Porter TR,Feng T. Visually Diseernible Myocardial Echocardiograpiric Contrast After Intravenous Injection of Souicated Dextrose Albumin Microbubbles Containing High Molecular Weight,Less Soluble Gases. J Am Coll Cardiol,1995,25(2):509-515

[9] Porter TR,Feng X,Anderson JR, et al. Multifold Sonicated Dilutions of Albumin With Fifty Percent Dextrose Improve Left Ventricular Contrast Videointensity After Intravenous Injection in Human Beings. J Am Soc Echocardiography,1994,7(5):465-471

[10] Porter TR,Xie F. Transient myocardial contrast after initial exposure to diagnostic ultrasound pressures with minute doses of intravenously injected microbubbles. Demonstration and potential mechanisms. Circulation,1995,92(9):2391-2395

[11] Sabia PJ,Powers ER,Ragosta M, et al. An association between collateral blood flow and myocardial viability in patients with recent myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med,1992,372(26):1825-1831

[12] Leong-Poi H,Rim S-J,Le ED, et al. Perfusion versus function:the ischemic cascade in demand ischemia:Implications of single-versus multivessel stenosis. Circulation,2002,105(8):987-992

[13] Ito H,Tomooka T,Sakai N, et al. Lack of myocardial perfusion immediately after successful thrombolysis:a predictor of poor recovery of left ventricular function in anterior myocardial infarction. Circulation,1992,85(5):1699-1705

[14] Ragosta M,Camarano GP,Kaul S, et al. Microvascular integrity indicates myocellular viability in patients with recent myocardial infarction:new insights using myocardial contrast echocardiography. Circulation,1994,89(6):2562-2569

[15] Spotnitz WD,Keller MW,Watson DD, et al. Success of internal mammary artery bypass grafting can be assessed intraoperativelyusing myocardial contrast echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol,1988,12(1):196-201

[16] Villanueva FS,Spotnitz WD,Jayaweera AR, et al. On-line intraoperative quantitation of regional myocardial perfusion during coronary artery bypass graft operations with myocardial contrast two-dimensional echocardiography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1992,104(6):1524-1531

[17] Hundley WG,Kizilbash AM,Afridi I, et al. Administration of an intravenous perfluorocarbon contrast agent improves echocardiographic determination of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction:comparison with cine magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol,1998,32(5):1426-1432

[18] Villanueva FS,Glasheen WP,Sklenar J, et al. Successful and reproducible myocardial opacification during two-dimensional echocardiography from right heart injection of contrast. Circulation,1992,85(4):1557-1564

[19] Villanueva FS,Glasheen WP,Sklenar J, et al. Successful and reproducible myocardial opacification during two-dimensional echocardiography from right heart injection of contrast. Circulation,1992,85(4):1557-1564

[20] Porter TR,Xie F. Transient myocardial contrast after initial exposure to diagnostic ultrasound pressures with minute doses of intravenously injected microbubbles. Demonstration and potential mechanisms. Circulation,1995,92(9):2391-2395

[21] Linka AZ,Sklenar J,Wei K, et al. Assessment of transmural distribution of myocardial perfusion with contrast echocardiography. Circulation,1998,98(18):1912-1920

[22] Jayaweera AR,Wei K,Coggins M, et al. Role of capillaries in determining coronary blood flow reserve:new insights using myocardial contrast echocardiography. Am J Physiol,1999,277(6):H2363-2372

[23] Lindner JR,Coggins MP,Kaul S, et al. Microbubble persistence in the microcirculation during ischemiareperfusion and inflammation is caused by integrin and complement-mediated adherence to activated leukocytes. Circulation,2000,101(6):668-675

[24] Dawson D,Vincent MA,Clark A, et al. Vascular recruitment in skeletal muscle during exercise. Am J Physiol,2002,282(2):E714-720

[25] Wei K,Le E,Bin JP, et al. Non-invasive detection of coronary artery stenosis at rest without recourse to exercise or pharmacologic stress. Circulation,2002,105(2):218-223

[26] Wei K,Tong KL,Belcik T, et al. Detection of noncritical coronary stenosis at rest with myocardial contrast echocardiography. Circulation,2005,112(8):1154-1160

[27] Rim S-J,Leong-Poi H,Lindner JR, et al. The decrease in coronary blood flow reserve during hyperlipidemia is secondary to an increase in blood viscosity. Circulation,2001,104(22):2704-2709

[28] Bin JP,Doctor A,Lindner J, et al. Effects of nitroglycerin on erythrocyte rheology and oxygen unloading:novel role of S-nitrosohemoglobin in relieving myocardial ischemia. Circulation,2006,113(21):2502-2508

[29] Lindner JR,Villanueva FS,Dent JM, et al. Assessment of resting perfusion with myocardial contrast echocardiography:theoretical and practical considerations. Am Heart J,2000,139(2 Pt 1):231-240

[30] Rinkevich D,Kaul S,Wang X-Q, et al. Incremental value of regional perfusion over regional function in patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected cardiac chest pain and non-diagnostic electrocardiographic changes. Eur Heart J,2005,26(16):1606-1611

[31] Wei K,Peters D,Belcik T, et al. A predictive instrument using contrast echocardiography in patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain and without ST-segment elevation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2010,23(6):636-642

[32] Tong KL,Kaul S,Wang X, et al. Myocardial contrast echocardiography provides superior and rapid prognostic information compared to routine assessment in patients presenting with chest pain to the emergency department. J Am Coll Cardiol,2005,46(5):920-927

[33] Mulvagh SL,Rakowski H,Vannan MA, et al. American Society of Echocardiography Consensus Statement on the Clinical Applications of Ultrasonic Contrast Agents in Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2008,21(11):1179-1201

[34] Porter TR,Abdelmoneim S,Belcik JT, et al. Guidelines for the Cardiac Sonographer in the Performance of Contrast Echocardiography:A Focused Update from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2014,27(8):797-810

[35] Thomas RP,Sharon LM,Sahar S, et al. Clinical Applications of Ultrasonic Enhancing Agents in Echocardio graphy:2018 American Society of Echocardiography Guidelines Update. J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2018,31(3):241-274

[36] Xie F,Lof J,Everbach C, et al. Treatment of acute intravascular thrombi with diagnostic ultrasound and intravenous microbubbles. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging,2009,2(4):511-518

[37] Xie F,Gao S,Wu J, et al. Diagnostic ultrasound induced inertial cavitation to non-invasively restore coronary and microvascular flow in acute myocardial infarction. P LoS One,2013,8(7):e69780

[38] Belcik JT,Mott BH,Xie A, et al. Augmentation of limb perfusion and reversal of tissue ischemia produced by ultrasound-mediated microbubble cavitation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging,2015,8(4):e002979

[39] Mathias WJr,Tsutsui JM,Tavares B, et al. Diagnostic ultrasound impulses improve microvascular flow in patients with STEMI receiving intravenous microbubbles. J Am Coll Cardiol,2016,67(21):2506-2515

[40] Salame G,Juselius WE,Burden M, et al. Contrast-Enhanced Stress Echocardiography and Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Patients Hospitalized With Chest Pain:A Randomized Study. Crit Pathways in Cardiol,2018,17:98-104

[41] Zhao H,Quinn R O,Ambrose M, et al. Contrast-Enhanced Echocardiography Has the Greatest Impact in Patients with Reduced Ejection Fractions. J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2018,31:289-296