四 讨论与结论

本研究以CAD模型和道德基准理论为基础，编制了道德事件量表，同时采用表情图片和文字测量情绪的方式，一方面确认了量表的有效性，另一方面验证了CAD模型在我国文化背景中的适应性。本研究主要得到了以下两方面的结论。

第一，CAD模型在我国文化背景中具有适应性。以往研究已经发现Shweder提出的社会性、自主性和圣洁性道德规范适用于很多文化（Haidt et al., 1993; Jensen, 1997），而愤怒、轻蔑和厌恶的情绪也被认为具有文化普遍性（Ekman & Friesen, 1971, 1986; Haidt & Keltner, 1999），但两者之间的对应关系是否也具有文化普遍性还没有定论。虽然Rozin等（1999）的研究选取了日本被试，但在中国社会背景中的适应性还有待考证，而以往研究中使用的道德事件条目亦都以西方社会为背景编制。因此，本研究编制了包含156题的适用于中国文化背景的道德事件量表，并通过问卷调查分析了量表题目对于分析道德情绪联结的有效性以及CAD模型的有效性。研究结果表明，自编事件量表能区分出不同的道德基准维度，引发典型的情绪反应，因此，CAD模型得到有效验证。

第二，在我国文化背景中分析道德情绪联结，用文字测量情绪的方式要好于用图片测量。有研究者指出，对于轻蔑这类语义模糊的情绪，表情测量更为有效（Rosenberg & Ekman,1995; Haidt & Keltner, 1999）。而前述Rozin等（1999）在研究中也发现，对于一些道德情绪联结（如社会-轻蔑），用情绪图片测量的研究结果要比用文字测量的研究结果稳定得多。但从本研究结果看，用文字测量情绪的稳定性要优于用表情图片测量。研究1中使用西方表情图片测量情绪效果并不理想，为此在研究2中我们使用了亚洲面孔的表情图片，效果有所改善，但就图片本身而言，并没有体现文化优势。研究1中使用的西方人表情识别图片中的个别图片造成了较大的混淆，但每种表情中均有图片具有绝对优势的识别率；而研究2中使用的亚洲表情图片虽然整体有效性优于之前使用的西方人图片，但是对于愤怒和厌恶情绪，其识别率并没有绝对的优势。同时，研究2对CAD模型验证的结果也表明，用文字测量情绪要比用表情测量更能取得稳定一致的结果。Elfenbein和Ambaby（2002）的研究曾发现情绪识别中存在群体内优势效应，即人们在判断与自己有相同文化背景人物的面部表情时，其准确性要高于判断与自己文化背景不同人物的面部表情（Elfenbein & Ambaby, 2002；张秋颖等，2011）。但Lee等（2005）在香港的研究则发现，这种群体内优势效应并不存在，特别是对于不愉快的情绪，甚至存在相反效应。对此，Lee等认为这是由亚洲文化的情绪表达（display）和解读（decoding）规则所致，因为亚洲社会推崇内敛，情绪表达不易夸张，因此，对亚洲人的表情识别就会更为困难。本研究的结果和Lee等人的发现相类似，我们认为因为亚洲社会对含蓄和内敛的偏好，不仅让表情识别本身存在难度，也让人们解读表情的方式受到限制，比如情绪强度较强的愤怒可能被认为是相对轻微一些的厌恶。因此，在未来研究道德和情绪问题时，采用文字方式可能更为合适。

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The Measurement of Moral Events and the Validation of CAD Model

Gao Wenjun

Abstract: The CAD model assumes three kinds of moral emotions（contempt, anger and disgust）are typically elicited by violations of three moral codes（community, autonomy and divinity）. The proposed links between morality and emotion can be a new approach to understand social phenomena and social problems; therefore, this study verified CAD models in Chinese cultural background, to lay a basis for future studies. Study 1 verified 174-item moral events scale by measuring emotional responses through the Western facial expressions. The results showed that the validity of the scale and the CAD model was partially validated, resulting from the confusion of the facial expressions probably. Study2 verified the revised 156-item moral events scale by measuring emotional reactions through the Asian facial expressions and the words. The results showed that the revised scale applied to measure the morality-emotion links。In Chinese cultural background, the CAD model was valid and using words was a better way than using facial expressions to measure emotional responses.

Key Words: CAD model; moral domains; moral emotions

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